


18. 07. 2008
馬華劇本生態初探 by Koh Choon Eiow
義大利文化學者葛蘭西(Antonio Gramsci)
要談論馬華劇場裡頭的劇本創作一環,著實是件苦惱的事情。首先是相關資料龐雜,不易取得;二來是素來缺乏討論批判的管道,可就美學思想層面深究辯證;三來是體系架構有待建構,以避免觀點渙散,能作為日後座標的一個參照點。
在這裡,因受身邊的資料所限,無法單就作者和作品面向進行較細部討論,所以我想從劇本的生態面向著手,檢視「馬華劇本」這個焦點,以個人淺見,提出兩種層面的觀察,以期與劇場工作者共同思索。
若以語言語文媒介做為劃分,馬華劇場,指的是馬來西亞用華語華文作為表達手段的戲劇演出,主要參與者和觀眾多為當地華人,歷來亦稱為馬華戲劇或中文劇場1。劇本作為戲劇演出的基石,從劇本創作這個視角切入觀察,可以更貼切了解到近百年來的戲劇生態衍化。
首先就生態的脈絡層面而言,觸及了縱橫兩個軸向。縱軸涉及了歷史和時間向度,馬華劇場的淵源盤根錯節,整理起來相當繁瑣,不僅需照顧到早年中國戲劇的一脈相傳,還須兼顧到過往與新加坡的離合關係,以及台灣劇場的經驗移植。
馬華文學史家方修2提出1919年為戲劇活動的萌芽,已經廣為接受。簡略而言,早期劇本多從中國移植、借鑑,以中國文學為楷模,如《放下你的鞭子》、《女招待的悲哀》、《兒女英雄》等。60年代至80年代期間,新馬於1965年分家,戲劇作品和作者各自歸屬成兩地;國家政策開始側重經濟的發展,戲劇的演出活動載浮載沉,劇藝研究會3(Dramatic Art Society)異軍突起,集合了當時文化界、廣播界等名人,以肩負劇運為己仁,可算是戲劇活動的中流砥柱。劇藝研究會除了多數援用中國劇作家曹禺的劇本,如《雷雨》、《原野》、《北京人》外,也鼓勵本地創作,并數度將馬華作家姚拓4的作品,如《還陽》、《萬金和尚》、《憩園》等搬上舞台。
90年代後的劇場工作者,多從馬來西亞藝術學院戲劇系5畢業,甚少是在劇場先輩與前人作品的薰陶下長大,反而頗受台灣小劇場的演出形式影響,一部分喜愛採用集體創作的方式,一部分訴諸於肢體和聲音的呈現,由於需求不同,導致了彼此間較缺乏對劇本的照顧與認知。而有些劇本的撰寫往往是為了因應演出的需求,演出後便束之高閣,因此劇本空間的成長也就相對萎縮。
文化離不開生活,橫軸涉及了地域與空間向度,當中牽涉了本地三大種族共存的社會結構型態。長期以來,馬華劇場因語言語文的使用,自形一格,自然也就侷限於華裔圈內的活動,而無法將觸角伸及友族。地域空間的檢驗能讓劇本在社會文化裡頭反照自身,馬華劇本的語言歷來多採用華語,或各籍貫的語言,如粵語、福建語、閩南語等,卻鮮少有巫語、淡米爾語和英語的交錯並置。
概而言之,縱橫兩向的脈絡觀察,自然會導引向馬華劇場史料的解讀、整理和詮釋。馬華文學界歷來豐厚的探討文論自可借鑑,馬華文學史家方修、楊松年6,以及後來研究學者黃錦樹、張錦忠、林建國7等的文章論述,也是不可或缺的參照和依據。
然後就生態的結構層面而言,劇本作為一種文化創作,更需要一套完備的體制建立來扶持,如劇創人才的培育,可供劇本發表的園地、劇本集的出版等。
人才的積累有賴於教育和觀念的導引,劇場本就是活潑多元的藝術形態,燈火璀璨下,願意安靜下來,從事筆耕的人,少之又少。比賽獎勵便可是一大助因誘力,可惜印象所及,儘管年年都有文學創作比賽,但涉及劇本創作的,除了1993年的馬華文學節舞台劇本創作比賽,和1999年的新山中華公會主辦的全國短劇創作賽,近十年來屈指可數。而劇本完成後,除了可供演出外,是否也有合宜的園地可供發表?報章雜誌願不願意刊登?沒有曝光,就無法認識;無法認識,何來接觸與提昇?畢竟劇本可讓人接觸的點有多大,未來的可能就有多寬廣。
據吳天才所編的《馬華文藝作品分類目錄》(Modern Chinese Literature in Malaysia and Singapore: A classified bibliography of books in Chinese)統計,自1934年起至1975年,馬華劇本的出版約有66部。這等數量並不算多,但相較於1975年之後,除了姚拓憑個人之力,蒐集了約20來部劇作的出版名單,就只有馬華文學大系的合輯出版,如2004年的《馬華文學大系─戲劇(1965~1996)》劇本集,時間跨越30年,收錄的劇本只有27篇,劇作的出版顯然更見荒蕪。
體制的完善還牽涉到學術研究和戲劇批評的問題。劇場理論和劇本創作本是相輔相成,兩者有對話,有交流,可就戲劇美學層面作出更多的剖析與辨證,劇本的賞析與導讀自可建立,劇場邁向專業制度就更可期待。然而數十年來,相關論述的探索與推動不僅嚴重欠缺,願意投注心力於此的劇場工作者更是鳳毛麟角。想一想,沒有劇場史的認知,沒有理論的提點,一場場演出終究只能化為某些人、某些事的個體記憶,無法共享。體制結構的確立,能讓一切變得有跡可循,也唯有接觸,唯有共享,才能繼承,才有成長,才無須一昧依靠橫向的移植,才能真正生根。近年來在國外風行的讀劇會,將關注焦點擺放在劇本本身,無疑是為劇本的生態發展提供了契機, 一為作品的發表,二為作品研讀後的討論,三為作品的流傳。
就以上兩個層面的視角觀察,我想在此借用劇場工作者孫春美的馬華劇運分略階段來對照:第一波為抗戰時期的蓬勃劇運,關注焦點在於民生疾苦與訴求,劇場作為一種發聲及表達的手段,劇本的創作亦是附會在此觀念下,以抗爭、反殖民等為創作軸向;第二波以吉隆坡的劇藝研究會為代表,其在戲劇低迷的階段,肩負起推動劇運的重任,以社會教育為導向,強調劇本為一劇之本,除了搬演中國的經典名劇外,亦有不少劇本的創作,但因受到中國戲劇界的影響頗深,戲劇美學以寫實為尊,秉持著現實主義的創作路線,以反映社會問題現狀為創作趨向;第三波是新生代探索的階段,以馬來西亞藝術學院戲劇系為代表,并置了相異其趣的思想觀念,加入了大量的實驗手法,呈現了多元的創作風貌,其關注的議題也大大開拓,如生命哲思、身分認同、同性戀、女性主義、性愛觀等,但相對之下,劇本不再認為是劇場的唯一要件,而許多演出結束之後,劇本缺乏專人收集,亦沒有公開發表,以致其流通只限於參與的內部,卻無法擴及一般的讀者觀眾。
第二波以吉隆坡的劇藝研究會為代表,其在戲劇低迷的階段,肩負起推動劇運的重任,以社會教育為導向,強調劇本為一劇之本,除了搬演中國的經典名劇外,亦有不少劇本的創作,但因受到中國戲劇界的影響頗深,戲劇美學以寫實為尊,秉持著現實主義的創作路線,以反映社會問題現狀為創作趨向;
第三波是新生代探索的階段,以馬來西亞藝術學院戲劇系為代表,并置了相異其趣的思想觀念,加入了大量的實驗手法,呈現了多元的創作風貌,其關注的議題也大大開拓,如生命哲思、身分認同、同性戀、女性主義、性愛觀等,但相對之下,劇本不再認為是劇場的唯一要件,而許多演出結束之後,劇本缺乏專人收集,亦沒有公開發表,以致其流通只限於參與的內部,卻無法擴及一般的讀者觀眾。
最後,我想就上述所提,各別觀點都值得逐一推衍,討論檢視,甚至修正。唯就脈絡層面的觀察,是希望未來能夠提出一個總體論述;結構層面的檢驗,是希望日後能夠建構一個體系架構。論述需要體系架構來孕育,體系架構能因論述而顯得豐厚,兩者相輔相成,才有空間拓展的可能。
1有關方言媒介的使用,如粵語、客家語等,相關資料記載相當匱乏,唯近年來有不少採用粵語的演出,亦歸納在馬華戲劇或中文劇場的名稱下。
2著名馬新文學史家,致力於馬新華文文學史料的整理與研究,曾先後出版多部相關著作。根據其編著的《馬華新文學大系─戲劇集》,馬華戲劇活動萌芽於1919年。
3成立於1963年的話劇團體,成員多來自吉隆坡文化界、廣播界、電視界、教育界等人士。70年代開辦戲劇節和劇藝研究班,以培育舞台生力軍。2003年在商場中設立劇藝文化劇場,積極開闢新的舞台空間。
4馬華著名作家、編輯及出版人,亦為劇藝研究會顧問。
5創系於1988年,為國內第一個以華語作為教學媒介語的大專戲劇學系。戲劇推手梁志成系主任和孫春美副主任推動了新的劇場形式,藯為一時風潮。惜2000年後,戲劇系因政策人事等問
6台灣佛光大學文學系專任教授,致力於東南亞華文文學的研究工作,曾出版多部馬新文學研究專題的著作。
7三人皆為新一代的旅台文學評論者,提出與前人迴異的觀點,開闢新的研究視角及觀察,著力於馬華文學史與論述的建構,在馬華文學界造成一次次的美學騷動。
~
高俊耀,馬來西亞
全職劇場創作人,馬來西亞藝術學院戲劇系畢業,中國文化大學藝術研究所戲劇組碩士(MFA)。曾獲得馬來西亞藝術學院最佳學生獎、第42屆中國文化大學「華岡青年」、第四屆鄉青小說獎新人獎特優《他、他、他》、第三屆馬華文學節舞台劇本創作第二名《判決》、第27屆耕莘文學獎短劇劇本類佳作《咖啡絮語》、第28屆耕莘文學獎短劇劇本類首獎《她,與她》、第28屆耕莘文學獎短篇小說類首獎《草莓鬆餅》等。近年劇場作品有《我係劍聖宮本武藏─殺!殺!殺!》改編、演員;《他鄉》編導演;《忿怒》(獨奏版)改編、導演;《祕徑》編劇;《希望之歌》文字創作;《光‧音》文字創作;《忿怒》(雙重奏版)編導演等。
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| 然後就生態的結構層面而言,劇本作為一種文化創作,更需要一套完備的體制建立來扶持,如劇創人才的培育,可供劇本發表的園地、劇本集的出版等。
|
| posted by Nova, Tue 23.02.201014:47:43 PM |
| 要談論馬華劇場裡頭的劇本創作一環,著實是件苦惱的事情。首先是相關資料龐雜,不易取得;二來是素來缺乏討論批判的管道,可就美學思想層面深究辯證;三來是體系架構有待建構,以避免觀點渙散,能作為日後座標的一個參照點。
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| posted by fellow, Tue 09.09.200801:05:18 AM Readers say: |
| u6y6y65y
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| posted by ma-de, Wed 06.08.200819:23:16 PM |
| 惊讶和开心看到你的文章在这出现。 大家又迈进一步了。
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| posted by TanganSeni, Sat 19.07.200815:49:42 PM |
| Nice to see Chinese theater "jalan masuk" Kakiseni :-) "jia you!"
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| posted by 吴友凭, Sat 19.07.200802:16:57 AM |
| 马华剧本还有的细分:华文教育和英文教育 在马来西亚,华裔在受以上不同的教育体系,培育出来的学生对艺术鉴赏和创作有很大差别。 大部分人的认知,英文教育者。。。比较懂得珍惜艺术、鉴赏和批判。认同和支持艺术。
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